Accommodations

Techniques and materials that are legally required to reduce or eliminate the impact of a learning disability on successful learning and performance. Examples of accommodations include spell-checkers, tape recorders, and expanded time for completing assignments.

Active learning

This concept refers to learner-led activities and interactions. Learners cannot simply rely on their instructors to ‘download’ information to them in a lecture-style approach. Instead, they are responsible for thinking, writing, doing, responding, reflecting, and discussing. This is the accepted format of effective online learning.

Adapted materials

Authentic texts and other materials that have been modified for lower-level learners. The format, vocabulary, grammatical forms, or sentence structure of authentic materials can be adapted.

Affordances (affordance)

A use or purpose that a thing can have, that people notice as part of the way they see or experience it. In design, perceived affordance is important. I would therefore recommend that you try out a range of apps, test their affordances, and explore how much they drain students’ batteries before settling on one to use. 

Alignment

Alignment is the connection between course goals, learning objectives, learning activities and assessment. If a course you’re teaching is aligned, it means that your stated course goals and learning objectives are in harmony with the activities and assessments given to students. Course alignment helps ensure that both you and your students have accurate expectations about what will be taught in your course and that you will be assessing students based on the stated course goals and objectives.

Alternative assessment (also called authentic or performance assessment)

Any of a variety of assessments that allow teachers to evaluate learners’ understanding or performance. It is an assessment that requires learners to generate a response to a question rather than choose from a set of responses provided to them. Examples include exhibitions, investigations, demonstrations, written or oral responses, journals, performance assessments, portfolios, journals, and authentic assessments.

Anchor activities

Activities that extend the curriculum and in which learners may participate if they have spare time while waiting for the teacher’s help or after they have completed a task.

Andragogy

 Theory of adult learning. Adult leading. Describes work with adult students. The method and practice of teaching adult learners; adult education.

Great article on the background and history of Andragogy by John A. Henschke called Considerations Regarding the Future of Androgogy.

Antithesis

A contrast or opposition of thought; the opposite. In persuasive writing, it is the idea that every argument generates a counterargument. In effective persuasive writing, opposing arguments should be addressed and rebutted.

APA

Use the Writing Lab Resource: Basics in APA.

Argument

A writer’s informed, supportable opinion or stand.

Askance

Assessment

This is what we use to determine whether learning has occurred. Both learners and instructors benefit from this information and in the online world, it tends to be much more continuous than in face to face learning environments. Some examples are discussion postings, online quizzes, responding to case studies, journal entries, etc.

The process of gathering, describing or quantifying information about performance. It is a general term that refers to tests and other measures, such as oral reading performances, collections of writings and other work products, teacher observations, and self-evaluations. It is the process of collecting and analyzing data to make educational decisions.

Assessment Portfolio

A selection of a learner’s writing submitted for assessment purposes. The learner, in conferences with teachers, chooses the entries for this portfolio. Ideally, the writings will grow naturally out of instruction rather than being created solely for the portfolio.

Assistive Technology

Equipment that enhances learners’ ability to access instruction and be more efficient and successful. Examples include computer grammar checkers, teacher use of an overhead projector, or audiovisual information delivered through a CD-ROM.

Asynchronous

Asynchronous learning occurs through online channels without real-time interaction. Asynchronous learning happens on your schedule. While your course of study, instructor, or degree program will provide materials for reading, lectures for viewing, assignments, for completing, and exams for evaluation, you have the ability to access and satisfy these requirements within a flexible time frame. Methods of asynchronous online learning include self-guided lesson modules, streaming video content, virtual libraries, posted lecture notes, and exchanges across discussion boards or social media platforms.

This refers to activities or interactions that are done at different times. Learners do not have to be present at a particular given time to be a part of these activities. One example is our online discussions.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

A disorder characterized by severe and persistent difficulties in one or more of the following areas: attention, impulsivity, and motor behaviors. These difficulties can lead to learning and behavior problems at home, school, or work.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity or excessive and exaggerated motor activity.

Audience

The specific person or readership for whom a piece of writing is intended. Awareness of an authentic audience affects important decisions a writer makes about the piece (e.g., purposes, methods of support, organization, word choice, details, form, voice, and tone).

Autodidaxy

Refers to the individual, non-institutional pursuit of learning opportunities and projects.

Autoethnography

Writing that describes and analyzes personal experiences in order to understand cultural experience. It is a socially conscious act.

Beginners Mind

 Is a word from Zen Buddhism meaning “beginner’s mind.” It refers to having an attitude of openness, eagerness, and lack of preconceptions when studying a subject, even when studying at an advanced level, just as a beginner would.

Behaviourism

Our learning focuses on a change in behaviour that is measurable and observable, as opposed to internal thought processes not visible to the eye. It is the external environment, as opposed to internal processes within a learner, that shapes what is learned. The principles of continuity – the link between stimulus and response – and reinforcement or reward are key to explaining this learning process.

 Biophilia

A hypothetical human tendency to interact or be closely associated with other forms of life in nature: a desire or tendency to commune with nature. Biophilia is the term coined by the Harvard naturalist Dr. Edward O. Wilson to describe what he saw as humanity’s “innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes,” and to be drawn toward nature, to feel an affinity for it, a love, a craving.

BIPOC

Black, indigenous, people of colour

Bisexuals

Are people who are attracted to both sexes including sexual desire/lust and affection/love.

Black Male – a man who is black

Black Female – a femal who is black

Blended

A style of education in which students learn via electronic and online media as well as traditional face-to-face teaching.

Brick and Mortar Classroom 

Relating to or being a traditional business serving customers in a building as contrasted to an online business. A brick-and-mortar store or school.

Cartesian Thought

Cartesian means of or relating to the French philosopher René Descartes—from his Latinized name Cartesius.They are called Cartesian because the idea was developed by the mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes who was also known as Cartesius. He is also famous for saying “I think, therefore I am”. In philosophy, the Cartesian Self, part of a thought experiment, is an individual’s mind, separate from the body and the outside world, thinking about itself and its existence. It is distinguished from the Cartesian Other, anything other than the Cartesian self.Cartesian model considers the physical world as the sum of static and unchanging closed systems. It is an accurate model when talking about things like tables, chairs, or even a truck. But the model doesn’t work as well when we talk about open systems cohabitating, exchanging with their environment.

CBR

Community based research.

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)

CSS is a plain text file format used for formatting content on web pages. CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet and is used by web pages to help keep information in the proper display format. CSS files can help define font, size, color, spacing, border, and location of HTML information on a web page, and can also be used to create a continuous look throughout multiple pages of a website.

CSS files aid website programmers by allowing a single file that contains all display settings, as well as simplifying HTML by allowing for multiple page layout designs.

Coherence Theories

Include wider and deeper aspects of the self and the world around the self that are involved in learning processes.

Community

This is an overarching theme for both the learners and instructors in an online course. It refers to the collaboration, interaction, social presence, and trust among course participants. This is an important theme for online instructors to be aware of early on.

Concretize

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

A Digital Object Identifier is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to permanently identify an article or document and link to it on the web. A DOI will help to easily locate a document from your citation. Think of it like a Social Insurance Number for the article you’re citing — it will always refer to that article, and only that one. While a web address (URL) might change, the DOI will never change. eg, https://doi.orgxxxxxx

Digital Consumption

Efficacy

The ability, especially of a medicine or a method of achieving something, to produce the intended result. They ran a series of tests to measure the efficacy of the drug. Recently, I worked with a research assistant to assess the efficacy of the use of smart phones and tablets in lectures.

Engagement

This refers to the level of involvement that learners have with the content and activities in an online course. Increased levels of this mean that the learners are more likely to benefit from the learning and remain committed to the course. It is important for online instructors to be aware of this when they are building the beginning activities of an online course.

Environment

This is where the learning takes place. Online instructors create content and activities here, versus in a face to face classroom.

Ephemeral

Something that lasts for a very short time. A plant that grows, flowers, and dies in a few days. Lasting one day only like an ephemeral fever.

Epistemologies: 

The study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity. “The choice of components and their perceived importance will be driven to some extent by personal epistemologies and beliefs about knowledge, learning and teaching methods.”

Esoteric

Designed for or understood by those with specific knowledge or training: difficult to understand, limited to a small circle, private, confidential, of special, rare, or unusual interest.The judge’s decisions were difficult to parse because they were loaded with esoteric legal terminology.

Eteaching (eTeaching)

Electronic Teaching involves computational systems that communicate and cooperate with learners at many levels. These systems might use the World Wide Web or CD/DVD-ROM and asynchronous learning environments to provide lectures outside the classroom. They might provide customized responses and on-demand advice through intelligent interfaces, inference mechanisms and cognitive models of the learner.

Equity

Refers to policies, initiatives, and practices aimed at closing the “opportunity gap” for students from groups that have been historically disadvantaged and marginalized in higher education (e.g., racial and ethnic groups, lower socioeconomic status).

Experiential-based Learning 

“In its simplest form, experiential learning means learning from experience or learning by doing. Experiential education first immerses learners in an experience and then encourages reflection about the experience to develop new skills, new attitudes, or new ways of thinking. Lewis and Williams (1994, p.5)

Face to face (f2f)

Is an instructional method where the course content and learning material are taught in- person to a group of students. This allows for live interaction between a learner and an instructor. It is the most traditional type of learning instruction. Learners benefit from a greater level of interaction with their fellow students as well. In face-to-face learning, students are held accountable for their progress at the class’s specific meeting date and time. Face-to-face learning ensures a better understanding and recollection of lesson content and gives class members a chance to bond with one another.

Face-to-face learning is essentially a teacher-centered method of education and tends to vary widely among cultures. Many modern education systems have largely shifted away from traditional face-to-face forms of educational instruction, in favor of individual students’ needs.

Flipped Classroom

The flipped classroom is a “pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves from the group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter.”

Formative assessment

A part of the instructional process. When incorporated into classroom practice, it provides the information needed to adjust teaching and learning while they are happening. In this sense, formative assessment informs both teachers and learners about learner understanding at a point when timely adjustments can be made. These adjustments help to ensure learners achieve targeted standards-based learning goals within a set time frame. Although formative assessment strategies appear in a variety of formats, there are some distinct ways to distinguish them from summative assessments.

Foucauldian Lens

Michel Foucault, the French postmodernist, challenges the idea that power is wielded by people or groups by way of ‘episodic’ or ‘sovereign’ acts of domination or coercion, seeing it instead as dispersed and pervasive. ‘Power is everywhere’ and ‘comes from everywhere’ so in this sense is neither an agency nor a structure (Foucault 1998: 63). Instead it is a kind of ‘metapower’ or ‘regime of truth’ that pervades society, and which is in constant flux and negotiation. Foucault uses the term ‘power/knowledge’ to signify that power is constituted through accepted forms of knowledge, scientific understanding and ‘truth’. Foucault is one of the few writers on power who recognize that power is not just a negative, coercive or repressive thing that forces us to do things against our wishes, but can also be a necessary, productive and positive force in society (Gaventa 2003: 2)

Power is also a major source of social discipline and conformity. Foucault pointed to a new kind of ‘disciplinary power’ that could be observed in the administrative systems and social services that were created in 18th century Europe, such as prisons, schools and mental hospitals. Their systems of surveillance and assessment no longer required force or violence, as people learned to discipline themselves and behave in expected ways. Foucault was fascinated by the mechanisms of prison surveillance, school discipline, systems for the administration and control of populations, and the promotion of norms about bodily conduct, including sex. Physical bodies are subjugated and made to behave in certain ways, as a microcosm of social control of the wider population, through what he called ‘bio-power’. He sees power as an everyday, socialized and embodied phenomenon.

Global Gender Gap

The gender gap is the difference between women and men as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, or economic attainments or attitudes. The Global Gender Gap Index aims to measure this gap in four key areas: health, education, economics and politics.

Global Learning

Global learning is understood through Mezirow’s theory of transformational learning, in which presentation of dissonant (aka unsuitable, clashing) information results in more open, inclusive frames of reference. 

Global Learning Outcomes

They seek to expand awareness with a focus on global issues, blending global engagement, social responsibility, and diversity.

Goodness of Fit

The extent to which observed data match the values expected by theory.

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)

 Is a bitmat image format hat was developed by a team at the online services provider Compuserve led by American computer scientist Steve Wilhite on June 15, 1987. It has since come into widespread usage on the Web due to its wide support and portability between applications and operating systems. GIFs are a series of images or soundless video that will loop continuously and doesn’t require anyone to press play. This repetition makes GIFs feel immediately familiar, like the beat of a song.

Hegemonic

Heuristic Device

A method of teaching where students are allowed to learn things for themselves. “Creating a model of a learning environment then is a heuristic device that aims to provide a comprehensive view of the whole teaching context for a particular course or program.”

Holistic Experience

I use the term holistic learning to describe learning that encompasses multiple layers of stimulus, meaning, experience and engages the whole person. It’s about working on a physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual level to create deep, meaningful learning and powerful insights which lead to behavioural change.

Hybrid

This type of course (often referred to as a “blended course”) also includes some face to face interaction but the bulk of the content is delivered online.

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

First developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is short for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is used to create electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of connections to other pages called hyperlinks. Every web page you see on the Internet is written using one version of HTML code or another.

HTML code ensures the proper formatting of text and images for your Internet browser. Without HTML, a browser would not know how to display text as elements or load images or other elements. HTML also provides a basic structure of the page, upon which Cascading Style Sheets are overlaid to change its appearance. One could think of HTML as the bones (structure) of a web page, and CSS as its skin (appearance).

Hybrid

This type of course (often referred to as a “blended course”) also includes some face to face interaction but the bulk of the content is delivered online.

Imagistic

Was a movement in early-20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language. Learning through soul fosters self-knowledge through symbolic, imagistic and contemplative means.

Inclusion

Is perhaps the most essential mechanism in the teaching and learning process and experience. A related concept of diversity, inclusion relates more to the explicit integration of various people and ideas in all aspects of the educational experience. Instructors can create an inclusive classroom environment by being open to novel ideas, be open and responsive to student feedback, and ionclude students in a portion of the course design (e.g., developing a classroom activity).

Interactive Community Building

Community is built on relationships. The essential elements of a community, as defined in the realm of psychology, are membership, connection, influence, and needs fulfillment (McMillan, 1986). In the context of a university learning community, Rovai (2002) has identified two key elements: learning and connectedness, upon which grow the elements of a strong community.

Intersexuals

People born physically between the male and female genders with anatomy that is either ambiguous or comprised of varyiing degrees of both male and female anatomy. 

Land Based or Traditional

Educational experiences that take place in a classroom setting with both teachers and students physically present.

LGBT2SQQIA+

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, Two Spirit, queer, questioning, intersex, asexual, other sexual or gender minority identities.

Logoteleology

• Logo (λόγος), which stands for reason, meaning or cause.
• Thelos, (θέλω), defined as will.
• Telos (τέλος, σκοπός), signifying end or purpose.

Meaning, meaningful, and important are not synonyms. 

Luddite

Noun, derogatory, a person opposed to new technology or ways of working.” a small-minded Luddite resisting progress”

Masovik

A lecturer at mass events.

Memes

Mentor

Rather than a lecturer or resident expert, this is the role that an online instructor assumes. Instead of preparing long lectures on content, an online instructor should be prepared to get to know their learners, build community, monitor and guide their students throughout the learning.

Methodology

Refers to procedures and measurements that are taken to understand the research query and how to employ certain techniques to answer that query.

Methods

The techniques and tools used to gather and examine data in order to answer the research question.

Minoritized

Those groups in society defined as “minoroties” by a dominant group that is numerically larger than the ethnic group.

mLearning

Education via the Internet or network using personal mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones to obtain learning materials through mobile apps, social interactions, and online educational hubs. It is flexible, allowing students access to education anywhere, anytime.

Modalities

A modality is the way or mode in which something exists or is done. … Modality shares its root with the word mode, meaning “the way in which something happens or is experienced.” A sensory modality is a way of sensing, like vision or hearing. Modality in someone’s voice gives a sense of the person’s mood.

Modernity

The quality or condition of being modern; a modern way of thinking, working, etc.; contemporariness. An aura of technological modernity. Hobbes was the genius of modernity.

Moores Theory of Transactional Distance

Moore defined transactional distance as “ ‘the psychological and communicative space’ between the teacher and learner” instead of Dewey’s definition of transactional distance as “the distance in understanding between teacher and learner”.

Moore’s Theory of Transactional Distance has a direct bearing on e-learning. It explains and quantifies the learning relationship between instructor and student in the e-learning situation, where there is a substantial physical or temporal distance between the two. First formulated in 1997, it considered the many different forms of distance learning as part of a group that could similarly be analyzed.

Transactional distance – as distinguished from a physical or temporal distance – refers to the psychological or communicative space that separates instructors from learners in the transaction between them, occurring in the structured or planned learning situation (Moore, 1997, p. 1).

In Moore’s theory, three clusters of variables control the extent of transactional distance: Dialogue, Structure, and Learner Autonomy. The following charts (EDEN, 2006) graphically portray these relationships.

Multivariate

Involving two or more variable quantities.

Mutualism

 The doctrine that mutual dependence is necessary for social well-being. The symbiosis is beneficial to both organisms involved.

No Pasaran

Means ‘they shall not pass’. The phrase comes from the Spanish Civil War of the 1930’s, and was used by the Republican troops (the left wing soldiers fighting against Franco and the Falangists) as a rallying cry in defense of Madrid.

Non-traditional Students

Older adult learners with children and jobs, many of them also first-generation students from diverse backgrounds. New-traditional students In higher ed enrolment lingo, nontraditional students are typically defined as being either a part-time student, one who works full-time or is considered financially independent, has dependents, is a single parent, or has delayed enrolments into postsecondary education for any reason.

But non-traditional is the new traditional in 2017..

Nostrum

A usually questionable remedy or scheme. Linked to quack medicine.

Obeisance

Online Learning or Online Education

Online learning is education that takes place over the Internet. It is often referred to as “e-learning” among other terms. However, online learning is just one type of “distance learning” – the umbrella term for any learning that takes place across distance and not in a traditional classroom.

This type of presence in an online course allows the instructor and learners to bring who they are to their postings. It creates the sense of a real person being on the other end of the screen. This is important to establish early on in an online course.

Open Researcher and Contributor Identification (ORCID)

The ORCID is a nonproprietary alphanumeric code to uniquely identify scientific and other academic authors and contributors. This addresses the problem that a particular author’s contributions to the scientific literature or publications in the humanities can be hard to recognize as most personal names are not unique, they can change (such as with marriage), have cultural differences in name order, contain inconsistent use of first-name abbreviations and employ different writing systems. It provides a persistent identity for humans, similar to tax ID numbers, that are created for content-related entities on digital networks by digital object identifiers (DOIs).

Operationalized

Rewriting the question into a format that is answerable by a research study.

PECOT

The crux of the geometrical approach is based on subdividing the study into three major components as illustrated by a triangle, a circle and square. This is called the PECOT Diagram. Each of the letters being representative of the components of a typical clinical study.

Almost every epidemiological study shares the same basic structure of five parts: Participants (P); Exposure (E) group(s); Comparison (C) group; Outcome (O) and Time (T). 

Pedagogy

Theory of child learning. Child leading. Describes work with children students.

Performance Based Funding

It’s time to rethink the current postsecondary funding model. To ensure that taxpayer investments yield the best possible returns, provinces must incentivize both post-secondary education access and completion.

Performance-based funding is a system based on allocating a portion of a provinces higher education budget according to specific performance measures such as course completion, credit attainment, and degree completion, instead of allocating funding based entirely on enrolment. It is a model that provides a fuller picture of how successfully institutions have used their provincial  appropriations to support students throughout their college/university careers and to promote course and degree completion. Furthermore, this funding structure incorporates both enrolment and performance metrics as incentives for post-secondary institutions  to continue to make progress on these objectives.

Pictorial Superiority Effect

The picture superiority effect refers to the phenomenon in which pictures and images are more likely to be remembered than words. This effect has been demonstrated in numerous experiments using different methods. It is based on the notion that “human memory is extremely sensitive to the symbolic modality of presentation of event information”.

Pomodoros

Proximal Development

What a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press.

Queer Terminology from A to Q

Retrocede

To go back, recede, to cede back. The United Kingdom retroceded Hong Kong to China.

Sapere aude

Sapere aude 

The Latin phrase meaning “Dare to know”; and also is loosely translated as “Dare to know things”, or even more loosely as “Dare to be wise”

Scaffolded Learning

Instructional scaffolding is a process through which a teacher adds supports for students in order to enhance learning and aid in the mastery of tasks. The teacher does this by systematically building on students’ experiences and knowledge as they are learning new skills.

Screencast Video

A screencast is a digital recording of computer screen output, also known as a video screen capture or a screen recording, often containing audio narration.

Scurrilous

Self-efficacy

Self-efficacy refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviours necessary to produce specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997). Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one’s own motivation, behaviour, and social environment. These cognitive self-evaluations influence all manner of human experience, including the goals for which people strive, the amount of energy expended toward goal achievement, and likelihood of attaining particular levels of behavioural performance. Unlike traditional psychological constructs, self-efficacy beliefs are hypothesized to vary depending on the domain of functioning and circumstances surrounding the occurrence of behaviour.

Self-Efficacy Theory (SET) has had considerable influence on research, education, and clinical practice. In the field of health psychology, for example, the construct of self-efficacy has been applied to behaviours as diverse as: Self-management of chronic disease; Smoking cessation; Alcohol use; Eating; Pain control; and Exercise

Service Learning

Allows for learners to combine learning skills from experiential education programs with addressing marginalized communities needs. Through engaging in activities that fundamentally challenge the learners frames of reference and assumptions, the learner can begin to adopt newer, broader perspectives (Mezirow, 2006). It encourages learners to consider new and potentially uncomfortable perspectives and to assimilate those experiences into their frames of reference.

Social

This type of presence in an online course allows the instructor and learners to bring who they are to their postings. It creates the sense of a real person being on the other end of the screen. This is important to establish early on in an online course.

Social Identity Wheel

Solipsism

The view or theory that the self is all that can be known to exist.

Specious Barriers

Things that look like legitimate reasons for not writing at first glance but crumble under critical scrutiny.

Summative Assessment

An assessment given periodically to determine at a particular point in time what learners know and do not know. Summative assessments may take the form of standardized tests, such as state assessments or assessments at the district or classroom level for accountability purposes, and generally are used as part of the grading process. They provide a means to gauge learning relative to content standards. Summative assessments happen too far down the learning path to provide information at the classroom level and make instructional adjustments and interventions during the learning process. Formative assessment accomplishes this.

Synchronous

Synchronous learning is online or distance education that happens in real-time. This means that you, your classmates, and your instructor interact in a specific virtual place, through a specific online medium, at a specific time. In other words, it is not exactly anywhere, anyhow, anytime. Methods of synchronous online learning include video conferencing, teleconferencing, live chatting, and live-streaming lectures.

Tabula Rasa

Typically refers to learning situations in which the teacher asserts control over the material that students study and the ways in which they study it—i.e., when, where, how, and at what pace they learn it.

Teaching

This type of presence is a combination of a well-planned/designed course where materials, discussions, and activities are clearly laid out and explained, as well as very clear monitoring, support, and guidance throughout these activities.

Technology Landscape

Recent years have yielded significant advances in computing and communication technologies, with profound impacts on society. Technology is transforming the way we work, play, and interact with others. From these technological capabilities, new industries, organizational forms, and business models are emerging.

Technological advances can create enormous economic and other benefits, but can also lead to significant changes for workers. IT and automation can change the way work is conducted, by augmenting or replacing workers in specific tasks. This can shift the demand for some types of human labor, eliminating some jobs and creating new ones. 

Tokenistic Manner (tokenism)

Actions that are the result of pretending to give advantage to those groups in society who are often treated unfairly, in order to give the appearance of fairness.

However, often, technology is used in a tokenistic manner.

Touchstone

As a theory, says that the process of “perspective transformation” has three dimensions: psychological (changes in understanding of the self), convictional (revision of belief systems), and behavioral (changes in lifestyle).

Transformative learning is the expansion of consciousness through the transformation of basic worldview and specific capacities of the self; transformative learning is facilitated through consciously directed processes such as appreciatively accessing and receiving the symbolic contents of the unconscious and critically analyzing underlying premises.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

A URL is nothing more than the address of a given unique resource on the Web. In theory, each valid URL points to a unique resource. Such resources can be an HTML page, a CSS document, an image, etc. In practice, there are some exceptions, the most common being a URL pointing to a resource that no longer exists or that has moved. As the resource represented by the URL and the URL itself is handled by the Web server, it is up to the owner of the webserver to carefully manage that resource and its associated URL. eg. https://xxxx

Utility

The state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial. For example, “he had a poor opinion of the utility of book learning” and “Adults need to know the utility and value of the material that they are learning.”

Vagaries

References

https://lincs.ed.gov/state-resources/federal-initiatives/teal/guide/glossary.

https://moodle.vcc.ca/mod/glossary/view.php?id=908772